European Union and its challenges
Critically examine the major
challenges faced by European Union.
The political and economic
cooperation is necessary for the stability in Europe to function peacefully was
one of the lessons learnt from the World War II. To avoid any such disastrous
incident to occur, in 1951, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands, decided to establish the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
Later, in 1993, Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) went into effect,
established European Union (EU), with 28 countries as its member states.
A greater economic integration
and closer political cooperation, coordination on foreign policy and internal
security issues, Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), was envisaged in
Europe through the establishment of European Union.
Being a multinational
institution, European Union has felt multiple challenges in terms of decision
making and cooperation on multiple issues.
The economic difference, different political ideologies and different
governance systems poses challenges to the stability of the European Union.
Some of the major challenges in front of European Union are as follows-
- ·
Brexit
Britain has been
the second largest contributor and one of the ‘engine’ nations to the European
Union. It has played an important role in decision making and shaping the
European Union. The Britain departure would lessen the political and security
expert prowess of EU. The ‘divorce clause’ presented by Britain is seen as
cherry picking by the EU members, which can further destabilize the organization.
- ·
Budget
After, losing
the net major contributor, the EU has called for increase the budget and
contribution from rest of the 27 members for the Multi-annual Financial Framework
for 2021-2027. The members such as Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark and the
Netherlands are asking for budget cuts to at least 1% but EU is asking to set
it at slightly higher limits.
- ·
Migration
According to
UNHRC around 125000 refugees entered the Europe via land or sea route and majority
of them reside in Greece. The lack of consensus on taking up of migrants exists
in between countries. As French President wants that EU countries should share
the migrants reaching to Europe. On the other side Poland and Hungary oppose
this move. A perception against the migrants exists among the members related
to the security of Europe as recent terrorist attacks at multiple places were
executed by the poor and unemployed migrants.
- ·
Resurgent Russia
Russian capture
of Ukrain, potential election interference in Europe, Russian action in Syria,
cyber threats and alleged human right abuses also poses political and
existential threats in front of EU.
- ·
Democratic and rule of law concerns
The democratic
backsliding was seen in Poland imposing the restriction on judiciary and Media
and Constitutional and electoral reforms in Hungary raise question over the
democratic ideals in EU. Any compromise on democratic principal causes the loss
of country’s voting rights in the Council of ministers under Art 7.
- ·
Security concerns
The security
concerns over Ukrain and terror activities such emerging Islamic States (IS)
poses threat to Schengen area of free movement. The multiple terror attacks at
different places and recruitment drills among the youths of EU raise the
concern over the influx of migration and free borders. It causes the political
and economic instability among the EU.
- ·
Debt crisis
Eurozone debt
crisis sparked concerns over the fundamental structure and viability of the 19
member Eurozone. In 2015, Greece issue, the more austarity measures and
economic reforms were put in lieu of a new financial assistance package. Same
ways in Italy the debt has reached to 130% of the GDP. Italy could face the
financial sanctions and disciplinary actions from EU. This raises rift between
the EU members over the sovereign control in hands of Brussels.
- · Populist Government
The rise of
populist governments who are critical of EU and think the Eurozone fiscal rules
have constrained the economic growth of countries. The EU members have pooled
sovereignty in certain policy areas and harmonized laws on a wide range of
economic and political issues. The Euroskeptic sentiments are putting challenge
over the unity and stability of EU. The same also resulted in Brexit.
- ·
Lack of strong leadership
European leaders
do not have a robust or shared strategic vision for the EU. Britain has been a
potential leader of European Union but Brexit has left a void for a strong
leadership to take the causes and mold the challenges for the benefit for EU.
- ·
Political differences
EU represents an
admixture of different governance patterns and ideals among countries. The more
powerful countries such as France, Italy and Germany are supporter of
democratic systems. On the other side Balkan nations have communist, more
nationalist ideals.
- ·
EU Expansion
The further
expansion of EU will put pressure on institutional capacities, its finances and
its overall identity. Since 2013, the EU has recognized and welcomed the
aspirations of all the countries of the western Balkans. But further economic
and financial integration does not seem possible and common foreign policy is
difficult to formulate.
- ·
Differences over China
The investment
treaty with China, 5G telecommunication system, China’s human right record of
pro-democracy movement of Hong-Cong and Uighur minority are some of the issues
on which some of the members wants to take action but some want to remain
aloof. The accusation of US over the Huawei also raises the difference of
course of action towards China.
- ·
Unpredictable USA
US always
supported the EU as it has been a potential investment destination for US. But
the current protectionist policies under Donald Trump have raised question over
US support for the stability of EU. US issues with trade, its exit from Iran
nuclear deal and Paris climate deal put serious question over the credible
partnership of EU and USA.
Conclusion
The multitude of challenges
before European Union has raised skepticism over its stability and future. But
the optimists suggest that the current challenges will bring more integration
of countries. More efforts will be directed towards the better and efficient
structural and policy level reforms.
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